참고자료: https://velog.io/@fj2008/ec2-linux2-mysql-설치-시에-GPG-KEY-error-해결하기

The GPG keys listed for the "MySQL 8.0 Community Server" repository are already installed but they are not correct for this package.
Check that the correct key URLs are configured for this repository.

 Failing package is: mysql-community-icu-data-files-8.0.29-1.el7.x86_64
 GPG Keys are configured as: file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-mysql

gpgkey를 업데이트

sudo rpm --import <https://repo.mysql.com/RPM-GPG-KEY-mysql-2022>

이후 설치 성공!

[root@ip-172-31-43-57 yum.repos.d]# sudo yum install mysql-community-server
...

Complete!